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From reproductive rights to climate change to Big Tech, The Independent is on the ground when the story is developing. Whether it’s investigating the financials of Elon Musk’s pro-Trump PAC or producing our latest documentary, ‘The A Word’, which shines a light on the American women fighting for reproductive rights, we know how important it is to parse out the facts from the messaging.<\/p>\n
At such a critical moment in US history, we need reporters on the ground. Your donation allows us to keep sending journalists to speak to both sides of the story.<\/p>\n
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Your support makes all the difference.<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\nRead more<\/span><\/svg><\/span><\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\nFor years, Donald Trump\u2019s distinctive, large and bold signature has captured the public\u2019s attention. Not only did it recently come to light that his signature appeared in a book that Jeffrey Epstein received for his 50th birthday, but it fits neatly alongside Trump\u2019s long history of brash self-adulation. \u201cI love my signature, I really do,\u201d he said in a Sept. 30, 2025, speech to military leaders. \u201cEveryone loves my signature.\u201d<\/p>\n
His signature also happens to be of particular interest to me, given my decades-long fascination with, and occasional academic research on, the connection between signature size and personal attributes.<\/p>\n
A long-time social psychologist who has studied America\u2019s elite, I made an unintentional empirical discovery as an undergraduate more than 50 years ago. <\/p>\n
The link that I found then \u2013 and that numerous studies have since echoed \u2013 is that signature size is related to status and one\u2019s sense of self.<\/p>\n
Signature size and self-esteem<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n Back in 1967, during my senior year of college, I was a work-study student in Wesleyan University\u2019s psychology library. My task, four nights a week, was to check out books and to reshelve books that had been returned.<\/p>\n
When students or faculty took books out, they were asked to sign their names on an orange, unlined card found in each book.<\/p>\n
At some point, I noticed a pattern: When faculty signed the books out, they used a lot of space to sign their names. When students checked them out, they used very little space, leaving a lot of space for future readers.<\/p>\n
So I decided to study my observation systematically.<\/p>\n
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\n<\/p>\n
open image in gallery<\/span><\/button><\/p>\n<\/div>Researchers have used signature size to explore narcissism in CEOs and other senior corporate positions (Alamy\/PA)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\nI gathered at least 10 signatures for each faculty member and comparison samples of student signatures with the same number of letters in their names. After measuring by multiplying the height versus the width of the amount of space used, I found that eight of the nine faculty members used significantly more space to sign their names.<\/p>\n
In order to test for age as well as status, I did another study in which I compared the signatures of blue-collar workers such as custodians and groundskeepers who worked at the school with a sample of professors and a sample of students \u2013 again matched for the number of letters, this time on blank 3-by-5-inch cards. The blue-collar workers used more space than the students but less than the faculty. I concluded that age was at play, but so was status.<\/p>\n\nAbout the author<\/h2>\nRichie Zweigenhaft is an Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Guilford College.<\/p>\n
This article was first published by The Conversation and is republished under a Creative Commons licence. Read the original article.<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
When I told psychologist Karl Scheibe, my favorite teacher, about my findings, he said I could measure the signatures in his books, which he had been signing for more than a decade since his freshman year in college.<\/p>\n
As can be seen in the graph, his book signatures mostly got bigger. They took a major leap in size from his junior year to his senior year, dipped a bit when he entered graduate school and then increased in size as he completed his Ph.D. and joined the Wesleyan faculty.<\/p>\n
I did a few more studies, and published a few articles, concluding that signature size was related to self-esteem and a measure of what I termed \u201cstatus awareness.\u201d I found that the pattern held in a number of different environments, including in Iran \u2013 where people write from right to left.<\/p>\n
The narcissism connection<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n Although my subsequent research included a book about the CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, it never crossed my mind to look at the signatures of these CEOs.<\/p>\n
However, it did cross the minds of some researchers, 40 years later. In May 2013, I received a call from the editor of the Harvard Business Review because of the work I had done on signature size. They planned to run an interview with Nick Seybert, an associate professor of accounting at the University of Maryland, about the potential link between signature size and narcissism in CEOs.<\/p>\n
While Seybert told me his research had not found direct evidence for a positive relationship between the two, the possibility of the connection he inferred nonetheless intrigued me.<\/p>\n
\n
\n<\/p>\n
open image in gallery<\/span><\/button><\/p>\n<\/div>Donald Trump\u2019s distinctive, large and bold signature has captured the public\u2019s attention (AP)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\nSo I decided to test this using a sample of my students. I asked them to sign a blank 3-by-5 card as if they were writing a check, and then I gave them a widely used 16-item narcissism scale.<\/p>\n
Lo and behold, Seybert was right to deduce a link: There was a significant positive correlation between signature size and narcissism. Although my sample size was small, the link subsequently led Seybert to test two different samples of his students. And he found the same significant, positive correlation.<\/p>\n
Others soon began to use signature size to assess narcissism in CEOs. By 2020, growing interest in the topic saw the Journal of Management publish an article that included signature size as one of five ways to measure narcissism in CEOs.<\/p>\n
A growing field<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n Now, almost six years later, researchers have used signature size to explore narcissism in CEOs and other senior corporate positions such as chief financial officers. The link has been found not only in the U.S. but in countries including the United Kingdom, Germany, Uruguay, Iran, South Africa and China.<\/p>\n
In addition, some researchers have studied the effect of larger versus smaller signatures on the viewers. For example, in a recent article in the Journal of Philanthropy, Canadian researchers reported on three studies that systematically varied the signature size of someone soliciting funds in order to see whether it affected the size of donations. It did. In one of their studies, they found that increasing the size of the sender\u2019s signature generated more than twice as much revenue.<\/p>\n
The surprising resurgence of research using signature size to assess narcissism leads me to a few conclusions.<\/p>\n
For one, signature size as a measure of certain aspects of personality has turned out to be much more robust than I imagined as an observant undergraduate working in a college library back in 1967.<\/p>\n
Indeed, signature size is not only an indicator of status and self-esteem, as I once concluded. It is also, as recent studies suggest, an indicator of narcissistic tendencies \u2013 the kind that many argue are exhibited by Trump\u2019s big, bold signature.<\/p>\n
Where this research is taken next is anyone\u2019s guess, least of all for the person who noticed something intriguing about signature size so many years ago.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Your support helps us to tell the story From reproductive rights to climate change to Big Tech, The Independent is on the ground when the story is developing. Whether it’s investigating the financials of Elon Musk’s pro-Trump PAC or producing our latest documentary, ‘The A Word’, which shines a light on the American women fighting for reproductive rights, we know how important it is to parse out the facts from the messaging. At such a critical moment in US history, we need reporters on the ground. Your donation allows us to keep sending journalists to speak to both sides of the story. The Independent is trusted by Americans across the entire political spectrum. And unlike many other quality news outlets, we choose not to lock Americans out of our reporting and analysis with paywalls. We believe quality journalism should be available to everyone, paid for by those who can afford it. Your support makes all the difference. Read more For years, Donald Trump\u2019s distinctive, large and bold signature has captured the public\u2019s attention. Not only did it recently come to light that his signature appeared in a book that Jeffrey Epstein received for his 50th birthday, but it fits neatly alongside Trump\u2019s long history of brash self-adulation. \u201cI love my signature, I really do,\u201d he said in a Sept. 30, 2025, speech to military leaders. \u201cEveryone loves my signature.\u201d His signature also happens to be of particular interest to me, given my decades-long fascination with, and occasional academic research on, the connection between signature size and personal attributes. A long-time social psychologist who has studied America\u2019s elite, I made an unintentional empirical discovery as an undergraduate more than 50 years ago. The link that I found then \u2013 and that numerous studies have since echoed \u2013 is that signature size is related to status and one\u2019s sense of self. Signature size and self-esteem Back in 1967, during my senior year of college, I was a work-study stud…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7954,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[2],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.seekyourlove.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7953"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.seekyourlove.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.seekyourlove.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.seekyourlove.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.seekyourlove.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7953"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.seekyourlove.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7953\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.seekyourlove.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/7954"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.seekyourlove.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7953"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.seekyourlove.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=7953"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.seekyourlove.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=7953"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}